Polarization, Partisanship and Junk News Consumption Over Social Media in the Us

American progressive news website

The Raw Story
Raw Story logo.png

Screenshot

Raw Story website, July 2021.png

Homepage in July 2021

Type of site

News
Available in English language
Founded 2004; 18 years ago  (2004)
Owner Raw Story Media
Created by John One thousand. Byrne
Editor Roxanne Cooper
Central people
  • John 1000. Byrne (founder, Chairman, CEO)
  • Michael Rogers (Vice Chairman)
URL world wide web.rawstory.com Edit this at Wikidata
Commercial Yes

The Raw Story (besides stylized as RawStory ) is an American progressive news website and online tabloid. It was founded in 2004 by John Yard. Byrne and is endemic past Byrne and Michael Rogers.[one]

History [edit]

Byrne, the former editor-in-chief of The Oberlin Review, founded The Raw Story he graduated from Oberlin College in 2003.[2] The outlet officially launched in 2004, with Rogers joining the site the same year.[ane] [3]

On August four, 2008, the Online News Association announced that The Raw Story was a finalist in the 2008 Online Journalism awards in the "Investigative, Pocket-sized Site" category for the article "The permanent Republican majority", which was about improper partisan influence in the prosecution of former Governor Don Siegelman of Alabama.[4] [5]

Raw Story anniversary logo, 2014

An August 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society found that betwixt May ane, 2015, and Nov seven, 2016, The Raw Story was the quaternary and fifth most popular left-wing news source on Twitter and Facebook, respectively. The report also found that The Raw Story was the ninth most shared media source on Twitter by Hillary Clinton supporters during the 2016 U.s.a. presidential election.[6] During the election, The Raw Story was heavily shared past Twitter accounts operated past the Internet Research Agency, a Russian troll farm engaged in online influence operations on behalf of Russian business and political interests.[7]

In 2017, The Raw Story was accepted equally a fellow member of the Clan of Alternative News Media.[8]

In Apr 2018, Raw Story partners John K. Byrne and Michael Rogers announced that they had acquired AlterNet via a newly created visitor, AlterNet Media.[1] [9]

The outlet partnered with investigative journalist David Cay Johnston and his outlet DCReport in 2019, providing funding in exchange for including DCReport's content for the subscription version of The Raw Story.[ten]

Content [edit]

The Raw Story is an culling news site that aggregates stories from around the web and produces original journalism.[11] [12] It is considered a hyperpartisan media outlet.[13] [14] [fifteen] A written report published past the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society classified The Raw Story as a "junk news" website,[xvi] while a 2018 study by the Oxford Internet Establish identified The Raw Story equally ane of the "Tiptop 30 Junk News Sources on Twitter."[17] In 2016, DoubleVerify, an advertising verification company, included The Raw Story in its "Inflammatory Politics & News" category. Advertisers would have the ability to cake ads on websites appearing in the category.[eighteen] [xix] Journalist Michael Moynihan has referred to The Raw Story as a "conspiracy-friendly" website.[20]

In 2005, the site was described past Newsweek as: "Muck, raked: If you're looking for alleged GOP malfeasance, the folks at rawstory.com are frequently scooping the mainstream media."[21] In 2014, then-executive editor Tony Ortega described The Raw Story'due south editorial mission as trying to "betrayal" people "who endeavor to exploit American ideas about off-white play and equality by rigging things through their immense wealth or their discriminatory cultural myopia."[22]

In November 2008, The Raw Story reported that the United Mine Workers of America, which had endorsed Barack Obama'due south presidential campaign, had come to Obama's defence force subsequently John McCain'south presidential campaign criticized him for a annotate he had fabricated about coal to the editorial board of the San Francisco Chronicle earlier that January.[23] Environmental journalist Andrew Revkin cited the article by The Raw Story in a post he wrote for The New York Times' Dot Earth web log, and Curtis Brainard, writing in the Columbia Journalism Review, described the article as "well-washed".[24]

In 2011, The Raw Story was among the start outlets to written report on the Apple banana Siri apparently directing users abroad from abortion clinics and emergency contraception, instead providing results for the definition of emergency contraception or clinics far from the user.[25] The assistant, withal in beta testing at the fourth dimension, could, however, provide users with methods to acquire Viagra or use escort services.[26] In response to the written report, Apple said it was still working to meliorate the production.[27]

The aforementioned year, The Raw Story was the first to report on a U.s. Air Forcefulness contract to create fake social media profiles as a means of psychological warfare to be used against terrorist cells.[28] [29]

In 2012, then-executive editor Megan Carpentier wrote virtually undergoing a transvaginal ultrasound procedure in response to contempo legislation in Virginia requiring an ultrasound prior to an abortion procedure.[thirty] [31] [32]

In 2014, Jennifer Mascia published a column on gun violence after compiling records for The New York Times.[33]

The same year, the outlet bankrupt news of the connexion between San Diego State University running back Adam Muema and Raymond "Lord Rayel" Howard-Lear. Howard-Lear claimed to be a prophet and made apocalyptic predictions online. Muema left the 2014 NFL Scouting Combine early and did non attend the San Diego Country Pro Day while sending ambiguous letters to reporters.[34] [35]

In September 2016, The Raw Story published a satirical article claiming that the Surgeon Full general of the United States warned that "drinking every time Trump lied during the commencement presidential debate could upshot in 'astute alcohol poisoning.'" The fake story was aggregated by Occupy Democrats, US Uncut, and other outlets as existent news.[36]

On February 15, 2021, The Raw Story reported that South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem had used a state aeroplane to travel to conservative political events.[37] The report led Democratic lawmakers to formally request that the state's attorney general investigate Noem.[38]

The outlet has also reported on far-right extremists, including a report on January half-dozen, 2021, hours earlier the attack in the U.S. Capitol that "predicted exactly what would happen," co-ordinate to Editor & Publisher.[10] The Raw Story was amidst the commencement to report on instigators of the riots, including an declared attempt to get then-President Trump to declare martial police using the Coup Human activity.[39]

Simulated claims [edit]

In November 2013, The Raw Story, citing a local news report, claimed that teenagers were playing the "knockout game" and sharing the videos online. There was nigh no evidence to suggest that teenagers were uploading videos of the knockout game.[forty]

In Feb 2015, during the Gamergate controversy, a Wikipedia article incorrectly stated that a Wikipedia mediation case resulted in the banning of five feminist editors. This falsehood was initially reported by The Guardian and then by The Raw Story, which never issued a correction.[41]

In July 2015, Inquisitr falsely reported that Costco stopped selling dinosaur cakes afterwards a mother complained that the cake independent the demonic symbol "666". The hoax was aggregated by The Raw Story and other news outlets.[42] [43]

In January 2016, The Raw Story falsely reported that legislation introduced past Virginia lawmaker Marking Cole would crave schools to "verify children's [sic] genitals earlier using the restroom." The proposed legislation would require children to use the bath based on their "anatomical sexual activity" just did not include any provisions on "genital checks."[44]

In February 2016, The Raw Story reported that Fox News anchor Bill O'Reilly had lost custody of his children considering he had physically abused their mother; the article was cited by Occupy Democrats later that May. Snopes adamant that the Gawker commodity cited past The Raw Story had reported that O'Reilly had lost custody of his children, but did not advise that O'Reilly had lost custody due to violent behavior.[45]

In July 2016, The Raw Story attributed a tweet to Donald Trump Jr. in their reporting, even though the tweet originated from a parody account. The Raw Story later issued a correction.[46]

In February 2017, The Raw Story reported that the White House had turned off the recorder for a telephone call between so-U.South. President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin. The claim originated from Ilan Berman, vice-president of the American Foreign Policy Council, who later stated his comment was an "aside" and "not intended to be a factual statement." The Raw Story changed the headline of the article and issued a correction.[47]

In October 2017, a fake news story spread that claimed that the master deputy for the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Function was a white supremacist who wanted "to rape and kill a blackness homo or a Jew." The false story was picked upwards by The Raw Story under the headline, "Top Florida police force enforcement official plotted to abduct, rape and murder 'a black man or a Jew.'" Activist Tim Wise, who had shared the article by The Raw Story on Facebook, vowed to never share from The Raw Story again due to their failure to fact-cheque.[48] [49]

In December 2017, The Raw Story published an article based on a CNN report which mistakenly stated that on September 4, 2016, Donald Trump Jr. had received a website and a decryption cardinal to preview the emails from the 2016 Autonomous National Committee email leak before they were fabricated public by WikiLeaks; the date was later corrected past CNN to September 14, 2016, which was afterward the emails had been reported on publicly. The Raw Story did non include the correction in its article.[fifty]

On February xix, 2018, The Raw Story published a report challenge that Russian trolls co-opting the Me Too movement had forced Minnesota senator Al Franken to resign, and that an commodity by writer Ijeoma Oluo had been used as part of the campaign.[51] [52] Oluo told Snopes that her article had been published after Franken announced his resignation, adding: "I was hoping that the piece would give people context and help people grow from all of this into a better place."[51] The Raw Story later retracted its report.[52]

In April 2018, The Raw Story falsely reported that Play tricks News put upwards a graph showing that they were the least trusted news network compared to CNN and MSNBC; the three networks were actually being compared with Donald Trump every bit a trusted source of data. The falsehood was later shared by CNN commentator Chris Cuomo.[53] [54]

In November 2018, a college pupil faked being a Trump supporter and started a GoFundMe, claiming that her parents had cut her off financially. The Raw Story falsely reported that the student garnered $150,000 in donations, when the bodily amount was just around $200.[55]

In October 2018, The Raw Story claimed that Meghan McCain, a co-host on The View, drew a comparison between bombs threats targeting Democrats and Republicans getting heckled at restaurants. A video of the episode showed that McCain did not direct compare the two.[56] McCain previously disputed The Raw Story'southward assertion that she "drank through" her male parent'due south cancer handling (McCain is the daughter of the tardily senator John McCain).[57]

During the 2020 United States presidential election, The Raw Story published an article on November 4, 2020 which claimed that the Us Mail service (USPS) had failed to deliver 27% of mail-in ballots in South Florida. PolitiFact determined that the figure was based on a misreading of Postal Service data, and the USPS stated that it had skipped some steps to get ballots to election offices faster.[58] [59]

The Raw Story spread misinformation about the COVID-nineteen pandemic.[lx] [ clarification needed ]

Staff [edit]

Co-ordinate to the site's masthead, the editor and publisher of the site is Roxanne Cooper as of June 2021. Other editors include managing editor Eric W. Dolan and senior editors David Edwards, Travis Gettys, Sarah Burris, Bob Brigham, and Tom Boggioni.[61] [62] Editorial staff are members of the Washington-Baltimore Newspaper Guild.[63]

Notable former editorial staff include New York Times senior staff editor Michael Roston,[64] NBC News political reporter Sahil Kapur,[65] [66] and former Village Vocalisation executive editor Tony Ortega.[67]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c O'Reilly, Lara (April 10, 2018). "CMO Today: Zuckerberg'south Congress Hearing; P&Chiliad to Build Cross-Holding Company Artistic Agency; Film Theaters Go Upmarket". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  2. ^ Bogelin, Rosemary (April 25, 2014). "John Byrne, OC '03, Former Editor-in-Primary of the Review, and Founder of The Grape and The Raw Story". The Oberlin Review . Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  3. ^ Anderson-Minshall, Diane (Apr ix, 2019). "Here's Why We Chose To Highlight Miami Activists On Our Cover". HIV Plus Magazine . Retrieved Oct 29, 2021.
  4. ^ Alexandrovna, Larisa; Kane, Muriel (November 18, 2002). "The permanent Republican majority". The Raw Story. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  5. ^ "2008 Online Journalism Awards – Finalists". Online News Clan. August four, 2008. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  6. ^ Faris, Robert M.; Roberts, Hal; Etling, Bruce; Bourassa, Nikki; Zuckerman, Ethan; Benkler, Yochai (August 16, 2017). "Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election". Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Gild. Harvard Library. ISSN 3375-9251. Retrieved June 25, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ L. Yin, F. Roscher, R. Bonneau, J. Nagler, J. A. Tucker, "Your friendly neighborhood troll: The Internet Research Agency's use of local and false news in the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign" (SMaPP Data Written report, Social Media and Political Participation Lab, New York University, 2018)
  8. ^ ago, Raw Story Raw Story Website: https://www rawstory com/ Categories: Member Publication Updated ii years. "Raw Story » AAN Publications • Association of Alternative Newsmedia". Association of Alternative Newsmedia . Retrieved Baronial 3, 2021.
  9. ^ Byrne, John (April 9, 2018). "It's a new 24-hour interval for AlterNet". AlterNet . Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Behind Raw Story's Progressive Mission". Editor & Publisher. October three, 2021. Retrieved Oct 29, 2021.
  11. ^ Zeller Jr, Tom (Jan 4, 2007). "CNN Steps Into Osama/Obama Bramble; Blogs Certificate Information technology". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August ii, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  12. ^ Mower, Lawrence (Nov eighteen, 2017). "Story labeling PBSO master deputy as racist is fake news". Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November iii, 2021.
  13. ^ Benkler, Yochai; Faris, Robert; Roberts, Hal (Oct 18, 2018). "The Architecture of Our Discontent". Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 72. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0002. ISBN978-0-19-092362-4.
  14. ^ Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G. (Feb 12, 2019). "Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (7): 2521–2526. doi:10.1073/pnas.1806781116. PMC6377495. PMID 30692252. Archived (PDF) from the original on July iii, 2021. Retrieved July i, 2021.
  15. ^ Xu, Weiai Wayne; Sang, Yoonmo; Kim, Christopher (Apr 20, 2020). "What Drives Hyper-Partisan News Sharing: Exploring the Part of Source, Manner, and Content". Digital Journalism. viii (iv): 486–505. doi:10.1080/21670811.2020.1761264. ISSN 2167-0811. S2CID 219764736.
  16. ^ Bradshaw, Samantha (December 31, 2019). "Disinformation optimised: gaming search engine algorithms to amplify junk news". Internet Policy Review. Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Guild. 8 (four). doi:ten.14763/2019.4.1442. hdl:10419/214101. ISSN 2197-6775. S2CID 213329261.
  17. ^ Nahema, Marchal; Neudert, Lisa-Maria; Kollanyi, Bence; Howard, Phillip N. (Nov i, 2018). "Polarization, Partisanship and Junk News Consumption on Social Media During the 2018 United states of america Midterm Elections" (PDF). Programme on Democracy and Technology. Oxford Internet Institute. Retrieved July x, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ Maheshwari, Sapna (December 2, 2016). "Ads Evidence Upwards on Breitbart and Brands Blame Technology". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  19. ^ Alba, Davey (Dec xv, 2016). "Fake News Volition Go Away if the Tech Behind the Ads Won't Pay". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  20. ^ Moynihan, Michael (July 17, 2009). "The Assassins Contend". Reason . Retrieved August 25, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  21. ^ "BlogWatch". Newsweek. March 21, 2005.
  22. ^ "The 60-Second Interview: Tony Ortega, Executive Editor, The Raw Story". Politician. March 4, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Juliano, Nick (November three, 2008). "Miners' union: McCain army camp 'twisting the truth' on Obama, coal". The Raw Story. Archived from the original on November 6, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  24. ^ Brainard, Curtis (Nov 4, 2008). "Coal's Drape Telephone call". Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved June 24, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ Golijan, Rosa (December 1, 2011). "Apple explains why iPhone won't detect abortion centers". NBC News . Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  26. ^ "Siri, are yous anti-ballgame?". PC Magazine. November 30, 2011. Retrieved Oct 29, 2021.
  27. ^ Wortham, Jenna (Nov 30, 2011). "Apple Says Siri'south Abortion Answers Are a Glitch". The New York Times . Retrieved Oct 29, 2021.
  28. ^ Ackerman, Spencer (March 2, 2011). "Jihadis' Next Online Buddy Could Be a Soldier". Wired . Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  29. ^ Williams, Christopher (March xx, 2011). "United states armed forces creates faux online personas". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on March 20, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  30. ^ Lowder, J. Bryan (April 18, 2012). "Transvaginal Ultrasounds: Megan Carpentier Reports". Slate Mag . Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  31. ^ "Transvaginal Ultrasound: A Patient's Perspective". Rewire News Group . Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  32. ^ Lithwick, Dahlia (February xvi, 2012). "Why Does a New Virginia Constabulary Crave Women To Be Forcibly Penetrated for No Medical Reason?". Slate Magazine . Retrieved March 28, 2022.
  33. ^ "Must-reads of the week". Columbia Journalism Review. July 18, 2014. Retrieved Baronial 25, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ "Hiding In Plainly Sight". ESPN. May 22, 2014. Retrieved December seven, 2021.
  35. ^ Schnell, Lindsay (May 15, 2014). "What Happened to Former San Diego State Star Adam Muema?". Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  36. ^ Silverman, Craig (Oct xx, 2016). "Hyperpartisan Facebook Pages Are Publishing False And Misleading Information At An Alarming Charge per unit". BuzzFeed News . Retrieved August 24, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ^ "Exclusive: GOP governor Kristi Noem, potential Trump successor, used state aircraft for tens of thousands of dollars in political travel". Raw Story - Celebrating 17 Years of Contained Journalism. February fifteen, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  38. ^ Groves, Stephen. "Democratic lawmaker asks chaser full general to investigate Gov. Noem's aeroplane use". Argus Leader . Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  39. ^ Spocchia, Gino (May 31, 2021). "Oath Keepers wanted antifa to set on Capitol and then Trump could declare martial law, indictment says". The Independent . Retrieved November two, 2021.
  40. ^ Broderick, Ryan (November 19, 2013). "In that location Is No Evidence Online That Teenagers Are Actually Playing The "Mortiferous Knockout Game"". BuzzFeed News . Retrieved Baronial 24, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ Auerbach, David (February v, 2015). "Wikipedia Chews Up and Spits Out Bad Facts, and Its Ain Policies Are Letting It Happen". Slate Magazine . Retrieved June 26, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ^ LaCapria, Kim (July 20, 2015). "Costco "Demonic" Dinosaur Cake Hoax". Snopes . Retrieved August 22, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  43. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (July 24, 2015). "What was fake on the Internet this week: mutant daisies, Nazi minions and demonic birthday cakes". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  44. ^ LaCapria, Kim (January xiii, 2016). "Virginia GOP Neb Would Crave Schools to Verify Children'due south Genitals Before Using the Restroom?". Snopes . Retrieved Baronial 25, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  45. ^ LaCapria, Kim (May 11, 2016). "Nib O'Reilly Loses Custody Battle Due to Domestic Violence?". Snopes . Retrieved August 13, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  46. ^ Notopoulos, Katie (July 18, 2016). "This Fake Donald Trump Jr. Twitter Account Is Tricking People". BuzzFeed News . Retrieved August 22, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  47. ^ Silverman, Craig (Feb half-dozen, 2017). "How Liberal Websites Pushed A Dubious Claim That Trump "Turned Off" The Recorder For His Telephone call With Putin". BuzzFeed News . Retrieved June 26, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  48. ^ Mower, Lawrence (Nov 18, 2017). "Story labeling PBSO master deputy as racist is fake news". The Palm Beach Mail . Retrieved June 26, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ^ Poulsen, Kevin (January 12, 2018). "The Saga of 'BadVolf': A Fugitive American Cop, His Russian Allies, and a DNC Hoax". The Daily Beast . Retrieved September xi, 2021.
  50. ^ Benkler, Yochai; Faris, Robert; Roberts, Hal (2018). "Mainstream Media Failure Modes and Self-Healing in a Propaganda-Rich Environs". Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. Oxford Academy Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0006. ISBN978-0-xix-092366-2.
  51. ^ a b Palma, Bethania (February 20, 2018). "Did 'Bots' Forcefulness Al Franken to Resign?". Snopes . Retrieved June 25, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  52. ^ a b Ingram, Matthew (Feb 21, 2018). "The media today: Are Russian trolls behind everything?". Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved June 25, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ^ Wong, Herman (Apr 9, 2018). "Trick News host slams wrong reports saying graphic showed network is least trusted". Washington Mail. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved Baronial 22, 2021.
  54. ^ Valverde, Miriam (April 13, 2018). "PolitiFact - No, Trick News did non put up graphic showing information technology was the least trusted network". Politifact . Retrieved August 22, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. ^ Chen, Tana (Nov 5, 2018). "A Higher Student Faked A Sob Story Nigh Being A MAGA Supporter. People So Donated To Her Crusade". BuzzFeed News . Retrieved June 27, 2021. Quran told New York magazine she's given dorsum the money donated to her, which she estimated to be around $200. (Raw Story wrongly reported off of rumors spreading on Twitter that her entrada had raised $150,000.) {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  56. ^ Leingang, Rachel (October 24, 2018). "Meghan McCain tells off outlet that said she compared flop threats to eating house heckling". U.s. Today . Retrieved August 25, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  57. ^ Lejeune, Tristan (October nine, 2018). "Meghan McCain explodes on air after website says she drank through dad's cancer: 'Spiral you!'". The Colina . Retrieved August 25, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  58. ^ Greenberg, Jon (Nov 5, 2020). "Claim that mail failed to deliver 27% of mail-in ballots in Southward Florida is 100% incorrect". PolitiFact . Retrieved June 24, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  59. ^ Sadeghi, McKenzie (Nov 17, 2020). "Fact cheque: False merits that 27% of mail-in ballots in South Florida non delivered". USA Today . Retrieved August 21, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  60. ^ Cheng, Mingxi; Yin, Chenzhong; Nazarian, Shahin; Bogdan, Paul (May 17, 2021). "Deciphering the laws of social network-transcendent COVID-19 misinformation dynamics and implications for combating misinformation phenomena". Scientific Reports. 11 (ane): 10424. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1110424C. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89202-seven. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC8128875. PMID 34001937.
  61. ^ "Masthead". Raw Story. September 15, 2010. Retrieved May nineteen, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  62. ^ Carney, John (December 2, 2010). "Banking company of America'south Risky WikiLeaks Strategy". CNBC . Retrieved September 19, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  63. ^ Grinapol, Corinne (July 21, 2017). "Raw Story Joins the Washington-Baltimore News Guild as Management Voluntarily Recognizes Its Union". Adweek . Retrieved Baronial three, 2021.
  64. ^ "The 60-second interview: Michael Roston, senior staff editor, social media, The New York Times". Politician . Retrieved August v, 2021.
  65. ^ Carney, John (December ii, 2010). "Banking company of America's Risky WikiLeaks Strategy". CNBC . Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  66. ^ "NBC News Writer Sahil Kapur". NBC News . Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  67. ^ Horgan, Richard (October 31, 2013). "Former Village Phonation EIC Tony Ortega Joins Raw Story". Adweek . Retrieved Dec 6, 2021.

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata

0 Response to "Polarization, Partisanship and Junk News Consumption Over Social Media in the Us"

Post a Comment

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel